I've always been puzzled: Inside an IC, there are thousands of components such as capacitors, resistors, diodes and triodes encapsulated. The same type of IC shares an identical internal structure, but by burning different programs into it, the same IC can realize different functions. During program burning, only electrons move around inside the IC. What exactly does the burned program do to the IC? What kind of material changes does the IC undergo before and after burning?

In fact: Not all ICs can be programmed, only memory devices support burning operations. However, many microcontrollers nowadays have integrated program memory, so microcontrollers can also be programmed.

The interior of a memory is composed of a great number of MOS tubes. The charge on the gate of a MOS tube is very difficult to release (it can be retained for more than 10 years at most), which means the voltage on the gate of the MOS tube has a memory function.

During the burning process, the program is transmitted in the form of binary (0 for low level and 1 for high level), which charges or discharges the corresponding MOS tube gates inside the chip to store data. For example: when a string of data 00000001 is sent into the memory, the MOS gates perform charge and discharge operations for storage. The first seven bits 0000000 discharge the corresponding MOS tubes to store them in the form of low level, and the last bit 1 is stored by charging the MOS tube gate. In this way, eight MOS tubes store this string of data 00000001.

During reading, the discharge of the MOS tube gate outputs 0, and the charged state outputs 1, so that a series of data is read and output.

When a microcontroller is working, it first reads the data from the program memory, and then operates completely in accordance with the program data; when different programs are burned into the internal memory of the microcontroller, the microcontroller will work differently.

What is the function of address bit offset during IC burning:

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